During his first visit to a Muslim country, Turkey, Pope Benedict XVI urged leaders of all religions to "utterly refuse" to support any form of violence in the name of faith. You can read more about Turkish history below. Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. The Phrygians. The Phrygians occupied part of Anatolia during - B. The Hellenic world knew of the Phrygian King Midas as a legendary figure who turned everything he touched to gold.
The most important Phrygian remains have been found in Gordion, the Phrygian capital, near Ankara. The site is still under excavation. The Lycians, Lydians and Carians.
These civilizations in West Central Anatolia also peaked during the seventh and sixth centuries B. The Lydians, who established a state in the Aegean region in about B. The most important architectural works discovered during excavations at the Lydian capital include the Temple of Artemis, a restored gymnasium and a third-century A.
The Persians. Anatolia was occupied by the Persians during - B. Throughout these centuries, Milletus, Priene, Ephesus and Teos were among the finest cities in the world and the Anatolian architecture of this era greatly influenced that of Rome. The Romans.
With the Roman occupation of Anatolia in the first century B. The Roman Age 30 B. Marble became the principal material for building, and a newly invented style of construction using bricks bound with mortar was used for the first time to build functional structures.
Roman engineers crafted masterpieces of architecture throughout Anatolia, including arches, vaults and domes. The invention of central heating, by circulating hot air under floors and through hollow bricks in walls, encouraged the construction of huge thermal buildings.
Large baths, often combined with gymnasia, were built into all major Roman cities of Asia Minor. The colonnaded streets the Romans constructed have survived to this day in several cities, and Roman stone bridges and aqueducts highlight the skyline of many Turkish towns.
Christian structures were also part of the architectural landscape during this period. Paul established a number of churches, the most important of which were in Pergamum, Thyatira, Smyrna, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea and Ephesus. And in Antioch, St. Peter gathered his congregation in a small cave, designated the world's first cathedral by the papacy in For the first time in centuries, the Turkish people enjoyed self-rule.
Mustafa Kemal was elected as the first president of the Republic of Turkey. The first Grand National Assembly under the leadership of Ataturk created a new political and legal system based on the principles of parliamentary democracy, human rights, national sovereignty and division of powers, private ownership and secularism, and the separation of religion and state affairs.
A new, secular education system was established, the Arabic alphabet was changed into the Latin alphabet, and new civil and criminal codes were adapted from European models. Turkish women received equal rights under the law such as the right to vote and be elected to public office, which put Turkey ahead of many Western nations in terms of women's rights. It was a revolution, unparalleled at its time and even today, to bring a predominantly Muslim nation in line with Western civilization and universal values.
Painting Sculpture Photography Graphic Art. Tiles and Ceramics Canakkale Ceramics Porcelains. Carpets Kilims. Literature Language. Arms Armor Naval Flags Tents. Plants Animal Breeds. Site Map.
0コメント